Evaluation of the Autonomic Nervous System in Chronic Chagasic Cardiopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Abstract Background The importance of regional sympathetic denervation in the pathophysiology and prognosis of Chagas disease has been recognized. Objective To conduct a review of studies that have assessed dysautonomia in chronic Chagas heart disease. Methods The search was performed on the Medline, Pubmed, Lilacs and SciELO databases. The inclusion criteria were: original articles published in full; studies on individuals with Chagas disease, that used diagnostic methods for chagasic cardiomyopathy, and had clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. Duplicate studies, studies including children (0 to 10 years old), studies involving animals, in vitro experiments, case reports, editorials, theses, and dissertations were excluded. Results A total of 281 articles were retrieved, and 10 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. There was great heterogeneity as to the technique for assessing dysautonomia, groups of patients studied and classification of Chagas disease. The methods used for studying the autonomic system was immunohistochemistry (n=1), Valsalva and tilt-test (n=1), scintigraphy (n=6) and Holter monitoring (n=2). The results indicated dysautonomia in the indeterminate, digestive and cardiac forms of Chagas disease, and sympathetic denervation in the indeterminate and cardiac forms of the disease. There was agreement between areas of denervation, hypoperfusion and fibrosis, but areas of denervation were larger than those of hypoperfusion. The frequency of denervation and its extension increased from the indeterminate to the cardiac form. There was an association between extension of denervation and previous history of malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Conclusions The evidence presented in this review supports that an early diagnosis of autonomic denervation in chronic Chagas' disease allows the identification of patients with an increased risk of sudden death. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Poliformismo das apoE a apoA5: efeitos no perfil lipídico de pacientes ambulatoriais soropositivos / ApoE and apoA5 polymorphism: effects on the lipid profile of ambulatory seropositive patients

Introdução: Pacientes soropositivos tratados com antirretrovirais(ARV) apresentam alterações do perfil lipídico. Polimorfismos dasapolipoproteínas A5 (-1131T/C) e E estão associados à dislipidemia,ocasionando aumento dos triglicerídios e resistência aos hipolipemiantes.Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) e dos polimorfismos das apos A5 e E sobre o perfil lipídico em pacientes ambulatoriais infectados, pré e pós-uso de ARV. Método: Estudo de coorte, observacional, prospectivo, analítico, com grupo controle, realizado entre agosto de 2008 e dezembro de 2011. Incluídos, do diagnóstico de VIH aos dias atuais, 89 pacientes de ambos os sexos, faixa etária entre 12 anos e 68 anos,sob uso ou não de terapia antirretroviral altamente ativa (HAART),atendidos no ambulatório de Cardiologia Preventiva-VIH do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro (Huap), UFF. Resultados: Dentre os parâmetros bioquímicos, a elevação dos triglicerídios relacionada à infecção pelo VIH e à HAART foi a mais evidente durante o estudo. Considerando o polimorfismo da apoA5, 22,4% (n = 20) dos pacientes analisados apresentaram o alelo C no seu genótipo, em comparação com 4,5% (n = 9) do grupo controle de soronegativos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os perfis metabólicos de VIH+ que continham ou não o alelo C. Conclusão: Não houve diferença entre VIH+ carreadores do alelo C em relação àqueles não carreadoresquanto à necessidade de substituir a HAART devido à dislipidemia resistente aos hipolipemiantes. Os papéis inflamatório e aterogênico da infecção pelo VIH sobrepõem-se ou têm efeito maior do que o polimorfismo -1131T/C da apoA5 no desenvolvimento de distúrbios metabólicos.

Introduction: HIV - positive patients treated with antiretroviral(ARV) drugs have changes on lipid profile. Apolipoproteins A5(-1131TC) and E polymorphisms are associated with dyslipidemia,causing increased triglycerides and resistance to lipid-lowering drugs.Objective: Evaluate the effects of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection and apoA5 and apoE polymorphisms on the lipid profileof infected outpatients, pre and post-use of ARV. Method: Cohort,observational, prospective, analytical study, with control group,between August 2008 and December 2011. Since the HIV diagnosisto the present day, 89 patients of both sexes were included, agedbetween 12 years and 68 years, under use or nonuse of highly activeantiretroviral therapy (HAART), all of them attended at PreventiveCardiology Clinic-HIV Antônio Pedro University Hospital (Huap),UFF. Results: Among the biochemical parameters, the elevation oftriglycerides related to HIV infection and to HAART was the most evidentduring the study. Considering the apoA5 polymorphism, 22.4% (n= 20) of the patients examined presented the C allele in their genotype,compared to 4.5% (n = 9) of the seronegative control group. Therewere no significant differences between the HIV metabolic profilesthat contained the C allele or not. Conclusion: There was no differencebetween HIV+ C allele carriers in relation to non-carriers on the needto replace the HAART due to lipid-lowering resistance dyslipidemia.The inflammatory and atherogenic roles of HIV infection overlap orhave greater effect than the ApoA5 -1131T/C polymorphism in thedevelopment of metabolic disorders.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes portadores do virus da imunodeficiência humana (VIH) / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Objetivo: Avaliar alterações no perfil metabólico em pacientes VIH positivo, correlacionadas ou não com o aumento do risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Métodos: Avaliados 58 pacientes do Núcleo de Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida do Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, portadores do virus da Imunodeficiência humana tipo I (VIH-1), com acompanhamento ambulatorial há pelo menos seis meses ou com diagnóstico dessa infecção nesse período. Foram realizados exames para avaliar: perfil lipídico, glicemia de jejum, TOT (teste de tolerância à glicose), TGO, TGP, creatinina, dosagem de hormónios tireoideanos (TSH, T4L), PCRus, carga viral, relação CD4/CD8 e leucograma. Também realizados: eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma transtorácico e Doppler de carótida. Resultados: Ao eletrocardiograma, a alteração mais comum foi a de repolarização ventricular difusa (ARV), apenas 1 paciente apresentou, ao ecocardiograma: aumento de VE,...